Elles étaient censées arriver en septembre, en fin de saison estivale, mais elles étaient déjà là dès les premiers jours du mois de juin, envahissant les rivages de la banlieue sud de Tunis, du Cap Bon (Hammamet) et du Sahel (Sousse, Monastir, Mahdia). Les méduses ont pris possession des plages avant même que la saison touristique ne batte son plein. Elles ne sont pas totalement étrangères aux côtes tunisiennes mais le phénomène est, cette année, inhabituel en raison de sa précocité. Selon les scientifiques, c’est là un signal préoccupant qui mérite d’être pris au sérieux. Les observations alertent sur la présence de deux espèces particulièrement inquiétantes. L’Olindias phosphorica, petit organisme transparent aux fins filaments sombres, s’est installée sur les côtes du Sahel, sa piqûre est réputée toxique. L’autre est communément appelée La Galère portugaise, un siphonophore, une colonie d’organismes vivant ensemble, reconnaissable à son flotteur violacé qui rappelle un sac plastique flottant. Le danger réside dans le fait que son venin reste actif même après l’échouage, autrement dit : toucher un spécimen mort peut suffire à déclencher une brûlure sévère.
Les sources compétentes assurent que la précocité du phénomène s’inscrit dans la convergence de plusieurs déséquilibres. Primo : le réchauffement des eaux marines sous l’effet du dérèglement climatique qui accélère la reproduction des méduses dès la fin du mois de mai. Secundo : la surpêche qui a fait chuter les populations des prédateurs naturels des méduses. Tertio : la pollution due aux rejets des eaux usées insuffisamment traitées et d’autres déchets. Quant aux tortues marines, grandes consommatrices de méduses, la diminution drastique de leur nombre dans l’écosystème marin est causée par la pollution des mers par le plastique et le recul des zones de ponte face à l’urbanisation du littoral.
Sur le terrain, l’effet est immédiat. Panique sur les plages et polémique sur les réseaux sociaux. Des familles renoncent à la baignade, les vacances sont gâchées pour beaucoup d’estivants. Que faire ?
Le problème est certes la piqûre qui nécessite, dans certains cas, une hospitalisation, mais ce n’est pas tout. Il y a aussi l’incertitude qui l’entoure et l’anxiété qu’elle engendre : quelle espèce a piqué ? Quel geste adopter ? Où trouver du secours ? Or c’est précisément là que le bât blesse. Sur les plages aménagées, surveillées, aucune signalisation spécifique n’informe les baigneurs de la présence des méduses, ni de box dédiés aux premiers soins urgents ne sont installés au niveau des postes de secours établis dans le but d’assurer la sécurité civile et le sauvetage des noyades. Or, les baigneurs ne sont pas tous au fait des bons gestes à adopter en cas de piqûre ou de complications ni ne sont outillés pour agir efficacement. Par ailleurs, l’information institutionnelle, pédagogique, n’existe pas et celles qui circulent sur les réseaux sociaux ne sont pas fiables.
Du côté du ministère de la Santé, aucun communiqué officiel spécifiquement dédié aux méduses n’est venu éclairer la lanterne des citoyens et expliquer les bons réflexes : rincer à l’eau de mer jamais à l’eau douce, retirer les filaments sans les toucher à mains nues et éviter de frotter la zone touchée. Les seules alertes sont lancées par une association (Tunsea), deux (Tounsi), tout au plus. Tunsea a appelé les estivants à ne pas sortir les méduses bleues de l’eau leur expliquant que ce geste augmente le risque de piqûres en libérant des cellules urticantes actives même sans contact direct.
Recommander la vigilance, c’est bien ; agir en apportant les premiers soins, c’est mieux ; rassurer, c’est un devoir, une responsabilité. Il est clair que la réponse à ce problème, qui pourrait compromettre toute la saison touristique, ne nécessite pas plus que du bon sens, de la méthode et de la coordination. En quelques mots : informer en temps réel et équiper les postes de secours dès le début de la saison. Ceci pour le court terme. Or traiter le sujet sous l’angle saisonnier, c’est manquer l’essentiel. La question n’est pas seulement d’éviter les méduses l’été, mais ce que la Tunisie peut faire pour préserver la qualité de sa mer et la durabilité de son tourisme.
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